Viral Evasion Mechanisms of Host Interferon Signaling Pathways
Viral Evasion and Interferon Signaling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63939/1ctxw017Keywords:
Interferon signaling, Type I interferon, JAK–STAT pathway, Viral immune evasion, Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), ISGylation, Innate antiviral immunity, Host-directed antiviral therapyAbstract
Interferons (IFNs) are one of the core pillars of innate antiviral immunity that together forms a cascade in signaling network by intra- and inter-cellular responses, detecting viral infection, activating Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT), and ultimately inducing hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) which inhibit viral propagation. Nonetheless, viruses have developed intricate immune evasion strategies that target virtually all facets of the interferon response thus promoting viral survival, persistence, and pathogenesis. This review summarizes the basic molecular mechanisms of host interferon signaling and the various viruses that have evolved to counteract these pathways. Most notably with respect to viral interference with pattern recognition receptor signaling, type I interferon induction, JAK STAT signal transduction and ISGF3 complex formation and host restriction factors. Soon afterward, the review introduces how viruses manipulate post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, ISGylation, SUMOylation and proteasomal degradation to potentiate their effects on innate immune responses. The coevolution between virus and host is emphasized as a key mechanism promoting viral immune antagonists in one hand and host antiviral restriction factors on the other, contributing to rapid diversification of both sectors. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches targeting the restoration of interferon signaling via host-directed therapies, inhibition of viral antagonists, modulation of pathways responsible for
post-translational modifications (PTMs) and personalized immunotherapies are thoroughly discussed. Targeting host–virus interaction networks rather than viral replication alone provide new avenues for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies, which are less susceptible to resistance due to the dynamic nature of host and virus evolution. Such integration of structural biology, systems immunology, multi-omics technologies with clinical investigation will be necessary for translating mechanistic insights into therapeutics against viral pathogens and enhancing preparedness to future viral threats.
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